![]() Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the compatibility of Trichoderma with other biocontrol agents (non-pathogenic isolates), by assessing the expression of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma in the presence of non-pathogenic and pathogenic isolates. To date, the interactions of Trichoderma with non-pathogenic strains and their compatibility in consortia are poorly understood. Therefore, careful evaluation of compatible isolates is crucial to mitigate this limitation and ensure the success of using Trichoderma-based consortia. This raises doubts on whether their additions are mechanistically compatible with other beneficial isolates. Thus, their mycoparasitism and antibiosis response is not exclusive to pathogens, consequently implicating non-pathogenic strains in the consortia (Kubicek et al., 2001). This phenomenon is inevitable as Trichoderma species are not known to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. ![]() The inconsistency in the use of Trichoderma-based consortia has been postulated as the result of Trichoderma isolates potentially parasitizing other biocontrol agents in the consortia. In some cases, lower disease incidences were reported (Somani and Arora, 2010, Singh and Singh, 2012) while in some applications, no reduction in disease incidences have been observed (Brimmer and Boland, 2003, Martinez-Medina et al., 2004). However, attempts using Trichoderma in a consortium yield contrasting results. In the recent years, the strategy of mixing several beneficial strains together in a consortium is explored as it suggests stronger antagonistic potential, attributed to the synergistic action of multiple biocontrol agents compared to the use of a single strain (Leeman et al., 1996, El-Katatny et al., 2001, Srivastava et al., 2010, Jain et al., 2012). Although the biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma species is primarily attributed to mycoparasitism, disease suppression is also achieved via the production of antimicrobial compounds (Howell, 2003), cell-wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) (Elad, 2000) and their ability to stimulate host-defense mechanisms (Harman et al., 2004).īiological control approaches using Trichoderma species were usually carried out by applying their spores, mycelia and chlamydospores to the rhizosphere, soil or foliage (Elad, 2000, Verma et al., 2007). These pathogens are causal agents of major tropical diseases such as the sheath blight disease of rice (Chakravarthy et al., 2011), Fusarium wilt of chilli (Singh, 2007), Southern blight disease of potato (Rao et al., 2004), leaf blight of tobacco (Gveroska and Ziberoski, 2012), and foliar diseases (Elad, 2000), respectively. Trichoderma species are prominent biocontrol agents used to control Rhizoctonia solani (Chakravathy and Nagamani, 2007), Fusarium oxysporum (Singh, 2007), Sclerotium rolfsii (Rao et al., 2004), Alternaria alternata (Gveroska and Ziberoski, 2012) and an array of foliar pathogens ( Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sphaerotheca fusca, Pseudoperonospora cubensis) (Elad, 2000). The genus Trichoderma comprises fungal species highly valued for their mycoparasitic activities against various pathogens of important crops. harzianum due to their compatibility and high levels of enzymatic activities. We recommend further investigations on the use of S. harzianum with all tested isolates offered preliminary insights into the effectiveness of Trichoderma-based consortia, particularly via chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities. This was presumably a demonstration of the “kin selection” hypothesis, which allows co-existence of both Trichoderma isolates in consortium. viridescens was the least beneficial, eliciting the least enzymatic activities from T. harzianum, with high enzymatic levels detected in co-inoculations. marcescens proved to be the most suitable and compatible isolate with T. ![]() harzianum did not discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates as similar levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were produced. harzianum produced both enzymes naturally (in the absence of pathogens and non-pathogens). viridescens, Serratia marcescens, Streptomyces griseus) were investigated. cubense race 4, Ganoderma boninense) and non-pathogenic isolates ( T. The expression of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of Trichoderma harzianum in response towards pathogenic ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
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